| As humanity races headlong toward a new economy powered by artificial intelligence and 5G networks, political leaders are rushing just as quickly in the opposite direction. How far back could they take us? Pick your historical moment. At the 2019 New Economy Forum, Henry Kissinger, the former U.S. Secretary of State (and co-chair of the forum's advisory board) warned that tensions between the U.S. and China place us "in the foothills of a Cold War." He also drew parallels with World War I. Jerry Yang, the co-founder of Yahoo!, stretched further back, asserting that we risk a return to the Dark Ages. Meanwhile, Ray Dalio (below), the founder of Bridgewater Associates, summoned the ghosts of the Great Depression.  Globalization comes in waves, driven by breakthroughs in technology, connectivity and trade. Europe on the eve of the Great War had never been more joined together. Until very recently, it was widely believed that the hyper-globalization of our era would dissolve national borders and forge a universal civilization. Our forum earlier this month in Beijing, however, considered a bleaker reality: The very forces generated by what some call the Fourth Industrial Revolution have awakened the demons of the past. Ahead is the prospect of a new economy remade by gene-editing, the Internet of Things, Smart Cities, quantum computing and much more. These technologies could jump-start Africa and enable countries in the Middle East, Latin America and Asia to leapfrog ahead. Behind, however, is an old world riven by competing versions of nationalism, clashing ideologies and idealogues who just won't let go. The conflicting trends are tearing apart the global economy, leaving the U.S. and China on either side of a new divide. Where will the next "Berlin Wall" stand, asked Ian Bremmer (below), the founder of the Eurasia Group? Will Europe end up breaking apart, looking both east and west?  Will the U.S. abandon the free-market and, in an effort to beat China at its own game, build up a "tech-based military industrial complex?" And could the result of all this be a bifurcated technology ecosystem—two sets of standards, two schools of scientific learning, two pools of talent? Bill Gates said he can't see how that would be possible. "It just doesn't work that way," said the software pioneer, adding that "whoever has an open system will get massively ahead." Yet, we already have separate Internets—one behind a firewall, the other an open commons. U.S. social media giants are barred from the China market; the huge Chinese ones largely stay out of the U.S. (ByteDance, the owner of the wildly popular TikTok video app, is an exception.) And hawks in both Beijing and Washington are pushing policies that, intended or not, are leading to a decoupling of the world's two largest economies. Yang Yuanqing, the chief executive of Lenovo, a Chinese company that perhaps more than any other straddles the U.S.-China fault line, appealed for unified technology standards. "We're in the 5G era, let's not go back to the 2G or 3G era," he pleaded. Of course, the U.S.-China trade war is merely a symptom of a wider geopolitical conflict. While President Xi Jinping spoke encouragingly about a "phase one" trade deal when meeting with a delegation from the forum, hardly any of the delegates thought an agreement would do much more than paper over the cracks. Mutual trust is all but gone. Samm Sacks, a cybersecurity expert at New America, chided the U.S. for "paranoia" in the way it is resisting China's rise as a technology superpower, but also criticized China for "techno-nationalism." By now it's clear that there is no end to this conflict. Here's the problem: The new technologies coming on stream are so powerful they won't just change the way we live: they'll alter life itself. The zero-sum contest between the U.S. and China is driven by fear as much as ambition. In his keynote address to the forum, Chinese Vice President Wang Qishan (below) lashed out at this Cold War mentality—but it is the technology itself that may be taking us toward the brink. A drone can unleash a missile and also drop off a package; artificial intelligence can optimize military plans as well as traffic signals.  The room for scientific collaboration between the U.S. and China will likely keep narrowing. Just a few years ago, the only serious question was the degree to which the global economy would converge. Nowadays, we're left to ponder how far autarky will go. The Chinese investment banker Fan Bao, the chairman of China Renaissance, said the U.S.-China conflict would force China to build an even more comprehensive tech ecosystem of its own. Addressing our 2018 forum in Singapore, Hank Paulson, the former U.S. Treasury Secretary, warned of a new "Iron Curtain" falling across the global economy. A year later, that forecast is coming true. "It should concern every one of us who cares about the state of the global economy that the positive-sum metaphors of healthy economic competition are giving way to the zero-sum metaphors of military competition," he said. Indeed, in the book "21 Lessons for the 21st Century," the Israeli thinker Yuval Noah Harari wrote that although in this century "humans may be upgraded into gods," for now "we are still Stone Age animals." ___________________________________________________________
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